Curriculum Vitæ of Katepalli R. Sreenivasan
Academic Degrees
- 1968, B.E. (Mech. Engg.), Bangalore University (first rank, with Sir M. Visvesvaraya Memorial Prize and Indumati Lalbai Memorial Gold Medal; the Institution of Engineers Prize and its Honorary Graduate Membership awarded for achieving the first place in all branches of engineering for all three universities in the State of Karnataka)
- 1970, M.E. (Aero. Engg.), Indian Institute of Science (J.R.D. Tata Fellowship; first rank)
- 1975, Ph.D. (Aero. Engg.), Indian Institute of Science (P.S. Narayana Medal for the best Ph.D. thesis in Mechanical Sciences)
- 1985, M.A. (Privatim), Yale University
- 2006, D.Sc. (Honoris Causa), Lucknow University, India
- 2007, D.Sc. (Honoris Causa), University of Hyderabad, India
- 2008, D.Sc. (Honoris Causa), Romanian Academy, Bucharest
Employment history
(a) Research appointments
- 1975-77, Post-doctoral Fellow, Universities of Sydney and Newcastle, Australia
- 1977-79, Research Associate and Lecturer, Johns Hopkins University
(b) At Yale University (until December 2001)
- 1979-1982, Assistant Professor, Department of Engineering and Applied Science
- 1982-1985, Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering
- 1985-1988, Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering
- 1988-2002, Harold W. Cheel Professor of Mechanical Engineering
- 1991-1996, Andrew W. Mellon Professor
- 1989-2002, Professor of Physics
- 1993-2002, Professor of Applied Physics
- 2000-2002, Professor of Mathematics
- 1995-2000, Member, Center for Computational Ecology
- 1987-1992, Chairman, Mechanical Engineering Department
- 1989, Acting Chairman, Council of Engineering (equivalent, in a previous form, to the Faculty of Engineering, consisting of the Departments of Applied Physics, Chemical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering).
(c) At the University of Maryland, College Park (since January 2002)
- Distinguished University Professor, Professor of Physics, and Glenn L. Martin Professor of Engineering (on leave of absence since July 2003)
- Until July 2003, Director, Institute for Physical Science and Technology
(d) Current (since March 2003)
- Abdus Salam Research Professor and Director, International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP). (The rank in the UNESCO system is that of Assistant Director General.)
Visiting Positions
- Summers of 1981, 82, 84, Visiting Scientist, Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Indian Institute of Science
- 1983, Visiting Scientist, DFVLR, Göttingen, Germany
- Spring 1985, Visiting Professor of Aeronautics, California Institute of Technology
- Spring 1988, Visiting Professor of Physics, Rockefeller University
- Fall 1992, Visiting Professor of Fluid Mechanics, Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore
- 1995-96, Member, School of Mathematics, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton
- Spring 1999 and Fall 2008, Rothschild Distinguished Visiting Professor, Newton Institute, Cambridge University, England
- 2001-, Distinguished Faculty Fellow, Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research
- Summer 2001, Satish Dhawan Distinguished Professor of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
- Summer 2002, Sir C.V. Raman Distinguished Professor, Indian Academy of Sciences
Research interests, teaching and publications
Primary expertise: Fluid mechanics and turbulence. Other interests: complex fluids, nonlinear and nonequilibrium phenomena and cryogenic helium. Emerging interests: mathematical modeling of global change and biomechanical phenomena.
Taught undergraduate and graduate courses on such topics at Yale, often short courses elsewhere.
About 260 journal publications and book articles relating to areas of my specialization, and also on sonic booms, nucleation of droplets in condensation, chaos, fractals, cosmology, and so forth.
Invited and special lectures
Delivered numerous plenary and principal invited lectures in international meetings and workshops on fluid dynamics and related fields such as plasma physics, aeronautics, condensed matter physics, nonlinear dynamics, applied mathematics, fractals, and complexity. Opening addresses at many conferences at ICTP and elsewhere.
Numerous invited seminars in Universities and in Government and Industrial Research Laboratories all over the world. Among them:
- 1986, Emerging Scholar Lecture, University of Notre Dame
- 1987, The inaugural Stanley Corrsin Memorial Lecture, Johns Hopkins University
- 1988, Phillips Lectures, Haverford College
- 1992, Sabita Choudhury Memorial Lecture, Indian Institute of Science
- 1995, Distinguished Lecturer, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
- 1997, P.-Y. Zhou Memorial Plenary Lecture at the Seventh Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics, Chennai
- 1998, Sadowsky Lecture in Applied Mechanics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- 1998, Distinguished Lecturer, University of Maryland, College Park
- 1998, Carl Gunnard Johnson Lecturer, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
- 2001, Distinguished Lecturer in Fluid Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University
- 2001, Shih-i Pai Lecturer, University of Maryland
- 2002, C.H.B. Priestley Lecturer, CSIRO Atmospheric Research, Aspendale
- 2003, The inaugural J.M. Burgers Lecturer, Technological University, Delft
- 2003, Lecture at the hundredth anniversary of Professor Carlo Ferrari, Politecnico di Torino
- 2004, L.S.G. Kovasznay Lecture, University of Houston, Texas
- 2004, The inaugural Satish Dhawan Memorial Plenary Lecture at the Tenth Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- 2004, C.K. Majumdar Lecturer, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata
- 2005, Plenary Lecturer, Inaugural Meeting of the World Year of Physics, Paris
- 2006, Distinguished Lecturer, Central University of Hyderabad, India
- 2006, The Abdus Salam Memorial Lecturer, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India; the Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
- 2006, Inaugural Foundation Lecturer, Applied Mathematics Centre, Bangalore University
- 2006, Sir James Lighthill Distinguished Lecturer, Florida State University
- 2007, Stanford S. and Beverly P. Penner Distinguished Lecturer, University of California, San Diego
- 2008, Crocco Lecturer, Princeton University
- 2008, Speaker at the Opening Ceremony, 25th Anniversary Meeting TWAS
- 2008, Speaker at Andlinger Lecture on Energy and Environment, Princeton University
Awards, Honors, Academies, etc.
- 1983, Humboldt Fellow
- 1985, Fellow, American Physical Society
- 1988, Member, Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering
- 1989, Guggenheim Fellow
- 1991, Society of Scholars, Johns Hopkins University
- 1992, Distinguished Alumnus Award, Aerospace Department, Indian Institute of Science
- 1993, Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers
- 1993, Associate Fellow, American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics
- 1995, Otto Laporte Award, American Physical Society
- 1996, Distinguished Scholar Award, American Chapter of the Indian Physics Association
- 1997, Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
- 1998, Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science
- 1998, Third World Academy of Sciences (TWAS, now called the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World), Trieste, Italy
- 1999, Member, United States National Academy of Engineering
- 1999, Member, Connecticut Academy of Arts and Science
- 2000 (deferred), Ulam Scholar, Los Alamos National Laboratory
- 2001, Professor B.D. Tilak Distinguished Fellow, Department of Chemical Technology, Mumbai University
- 2003, The 2002 Medal & Lecture in Engineering Sciences, TWAS
- 2003, Honorary Fellow, Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore
- 2003, Distinguished Alumnus Award, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
- 2004, Honorary Professor, Tehran University
- 2005, Fellow, Institute of Physics, London
- 2005, Foreign Member, Mongolian National Academy of Sciences
- 2006, Fellow, the World Innovation Foundation, UK
- 2006, International Prize and Gold Medal in memory of Professors Modesto Panetti and Carlo Ferrari, Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, Italy
- 2006, Distinguished Service Award and Inaugural Endowment Lecture at the Centre for Applied Mathematics, Bangalore University, India
- 2007, Recipient of the National Order of Scientific Merit Certificate by the Brazilian Government and the Academy of Sciences
- 2007, Foreign Fellow, African Academy of Sciences
- 2007, UNESCO Medal for Promoting International Scientific Cooperation and World Peace from the World Heritage Centre, Florence, Italy
- 2007, President Dr. Zakir Husain Memorial Award from the Duty Society of AMU and the Indian Society of Applied and Industrial Mathematics
- 2007, Member, United States National Academy of Sciences
- 2007, Foreign Fellow, Indian National Academy of Sciences, New Delhi
- 2007, Honorary Member, Accademia Torre e Tasso, Duino-Aurisina, Trieste, Italy
- 2008, Dwight Nicholson Medal for Human Outreach, American Physical Society
- 2009, Nusselt-Reynolds Prize, Assembly of the World Conference on Experimental and Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
Editorial: Journals and Series
- Associate Editor, ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1984-1990
- Editorial Board Member, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science, series C (Sadhana), 1988-1991
- Editorial Board Member, American Scientist, 1990
- Member, Advisory Board, Springer Book Series on Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics, 1990-2000
- Editorial Board Member, Journal of Nonlinear Science, 1991-2002
- Divisional Associate Editor, Physical Review Letters, 1991-1995
- Editor, Journal of Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics, 1992-1995
- Associate Editor, Physical Review E, 1994-1997
- Associate Editor, Physics of Fluids, 1995-2000
- Editorial Board Member, Physical Review E, 1997-2001
- Editorial Board Member, Springer Book Series on Applied Mathematics, since 2000
- Editorial Board Member, North-Holland Book Series on Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, since 2000
- Associate Editor, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2000-2006
- Associate Editor, Journal of Fluid Dynamics, since 2004
- Member, Advisory Board, Journal of Turbulence, since 2004
- Associate Editor, African Physical Review, since 2006
- Editorial Board Member, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, from January 2009
Editorial: Books
- Experimental Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, volumes 1 and 2, Elsevier, 1993 (Proceedings of the Third World-Conference), with R.K. Shah and Y. Joshi
- Developments in Fluid Dynamics and Aerospace Engineering, Interline, 1995 (conference proceedings), with S.M. Deshpande, A. Prabhu and P.R. Viswanath
- Two issues of Pramana: Journal of Physics, on Nonlinearity and Chaos in the Physical Sciences, Indian Academy of Science, 1997, with R. Ramaswamy
- Flow at Ultra-High Reynolds and Rayleigh Numbers: A Status Report, Springer, 1998, with R.J. Donnelly
- Perspectives and Problems in Nonlinear Physics, Springer, 2003, with E. Kaplan and J.E. Marsden
- Two issues of Flow, Turbulence and Combustion: Special Issues in Honor of Professor R.A. Antonia, pp. 91-492, 2004 (with R.W. Bilger)
- 100 Reasons to be a Scientist, The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, 2004 (translated into Chinese, Marati, Portuguese, Italian, Bengali, etc.)
- One Hundred Years of Boundary Layer Research, Solid Mechanics and its Applications, Springer, 2006 (with G.E.A. Meier and H.-J. Heinemann)
- ICTP and Africa, The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, 2007
- The ICTP Experience: Diploma and Step Students, The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, 2007
- The ICTP Experience: The TRIL Programme, The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, 2007
- Collective Phenomena in Macroscopic Systems, Proceedings of the Conference Villa Olmo, Como, Italy 4 -6 December, 2006, World Scientific, 2007 (with G. Bertin, R. Pozzoli & M. Romé)
- ICTP and Latin America, The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, 2007
- Frontiers of Fundamental and Computational Physics, Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium, held in Udine and Trieste, 7-9 Jan. 2008. (AIP conference proceedings, 1018). American Institute of Physics, 2008 (with B.G. Sidharth, F. Honsell, O. Mansutti and A. de Angelis)
Students and post-docs
- Supervised 30 Ph.D. students (plus currently 3)
- 17 post-docs
Miscellaneous
- Mentioned in a number of directories such as "American Men and Women of Science", "Who is Who in the East," "Who is Who in the World", "Who is Who in America"
- Honorary Member, Lions Club di Trieste Host;
- Prefaces to books authored by others, etc.
- News items or articles about Katepalli R. Sreenivasan in Phys. Today, 56, no.2, February, 27-28, 2003; Phys. World, 18, no.10, October, 38-41, 2005; Nature 438, 1046-1047, 2005; Nature Materials 5, 843-845, 2006; many newspaper accounts in New Haven, in Trieste and vicinity, in India, in Italy at large.
Examples of service activities at Yale University
- Yale College Faculty Review Committee, 1993
- Member, Advisory and Tenured Appointments Committee for Physical Sciences and Engineering, 1993 and 1996-2000
- Faculty Development Committee, co-chair, 1993, member, 1994-1996
- Factfinder, Yale College Executive Committee, 1994-95
- Silliman Lecture Committee, 1994-1998 (chairman 1997, 98) Applied Mathematics Committee, 1993-1996 (chairman 1996)
- Member, Executive Committee, Cowles Foundation for Economics Research, 1998
- Geophysics Search Committee, Department of Geology and Geophysics, 1998
- Chairman, Committee to recruit Assistant Dean for Yale College and Director of Asian American Cultural Center, 1999
- Member, Search Committee for Dean of Engineering, 1999
- Member, Yale Health Plan Advisory Committee, 2000
Examples of service activities at the University of Maryland
- Chairman, Search Committee, Director of Cooperative Institute for Earth Systems and Climate Studies, 2002
- Member, Selection Committee for the Kim Endowed Professor, 2003
- Member, Selection Committee for Outstanding Research Award, 2003
- Member, Advisory Committee for the Applied Mathematics and Scientific Computation Program Committee, 2003
- Member for the Physical Science Complex, 2003
- Member, Burgers Board, from 2003
Examples of service activities elsewhere
- Representative, Division of Fluid Dynamics (DFD) of the American Physical Society (APS), for the Committee on the International Freedom of Scientists, 1981-1987
- Member, Executive Committee of DFD, 1986-1991 (Chairman 1990; Ex-Officio Member until 1997)
- Member, Fluid Dynamics Prize Committee, APS, 1991
- Member, Nominating Committee, Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering, 1997-2000
- Frenkiel Award Committee for DFD, Member 1989, Chairman 1999
- Member, Publications Committee, DFD, 1992-1994
- Member, NRC Committee on Nonlinear Science, 1993
- Member, External Advisory Committee for the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, since 1994, Chairman 2000-2003
- Member, Committee of Visitors, National Science Foundation (Fluid Dynamics and Hydraulics), 1995
- Member, Otto Laporte Award Committee, APS, 1996
- Member, NRC Committee on Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, Board on Physics and Astronomy, 1997-1999
- Founder-Chair, Topical Group in Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, APS, 1996 and 1997
- Onsager Prize Committee, APS, Member 1997-2000 (Chair 1997)
- Member, Fluids Engineering Division of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 1988-1991
- Member, New Haven Chapter of ASME, 1998-2000
- Member, Publications Oversight Committee, American Physical Society, 1999-2002
- Member (2001-2003), Vice-Chair (2002) and Chair (2003) of the Mechanical Engineering Peer Committee, U.S. National Academy of Engineering
- Member, Committee of Human Rights, U.S. National Academy of Sciences, since 2001
- Member, Biomass Task Force, Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering, 2001
- Member, Search Committee for Editor of Physical Review E, 2002
- Secretary (2003), Vice-Chair (2004) and Chair (2005), Section 10 of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering
- Member, Committee on Membership, U.S. National Academy of Engineering, 2003-2006
- Member, Governing Council, TWAS, the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World, since 2003
- Chairman, Engineering Sciences Prize Committee, TWAS, 2003-2006
- Member, Scientific Advisory Council, National Centre for Physics, Islamabad, since 2004
- Co-chairman, World Conference on Sustainable Development, Durban, South Africa, 2005
- Patron, Indian Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, since 2006
- Member, IUTAM Symposia Panel for Fluid Mechanics, since 2006
- Member, Scientific Advisory Council, National Mathematics Institute, Abuja, Nigeria, since 2006
- Chairman, the G8-UNESCO World Forum on Education, Research and Innovation: New Partnership on Sustainable Development, Trieste, Italy, 2007
- Associate Member, C13 commission on "Physics for development", IUPAP, since 2007
- Member, International Advisory Council, International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Mumbai, 2009-
Ph.D. students, the titles of their theses and last known positions
- P.J. Strykowski: "The control of absolutely and convectively unstable flows", 1985. Morse Alumni Professor of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, MN
- T.B. Lynn: "Manipulation of the structure of a turbulent boundary layer", 1987. Vice President, Dexsil Corporation, CT
- S. Raghu: "The control of combustion and acoustic coupled fluid dynamic instabilities", 1987. President, Advanced Fluidics, MD
- M.S. Garelick: "Numerical analysis of manipulated laminar flows", 1988. Professor of Engineering, U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, NY
- R. Ramshankar: "The dynamics of countercurrent mixing layers", 1988. Director, Marketing and Strategic Analysis, Cummins, Inc.
- C. Meneveau: "The multifractal nature of turbulence", 1989. Louis M. Sardella Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, MD
- A.B. Chhabra: "The thermodynamic formalism of multifractals and its applications to chaotic dynamical systems and turbulence", 1989. Chief Investment Officer, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton (formally registered with R.V. Jensen)
- D.J. Olinger: "Universality in the transition to chaos in open fluid flows", 1990. Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA
- M.S. Fan: "Features of vorticity in turbulent flows", 1990. Department Manager, Microelectronics Group, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
- D.M. Kyle: "The instability and breakdown of a round variable-density jet", 1991. Staff Researcher, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN
- A.W. Johnson: "Laminarization and retransition of turbulent boundary layers in supersonic flow", 1993. Combustion/aerothermal Design Engineer, General Electric Aircraft Engines, OH
- L.M. Zubair: "Studies in turbulence using wavelet transforms for data compression and scale separation", 1993. Research Scientist, Earth Institute, Columbia University, NY
- P. Kailasnath: "Reynolds number effects and the momentum flux in turbulent boundary layers", 1993. Senior Research Scientist, Diagnostic Radiology, Yale Medical School, CT
- J.R. Saylor: "Differential diffusion in turbulent and oscillatory, non-turbulent water flows", 1993. Associate Professor, Clemson University, SC
- G. Stolovitzky: "Statistical order of small scales in turbulence", 1994. Manager, Functional Genomics Program, IBM, Yorktown Heights, NY
- A. Juneja: "Scaling laws in turbulence: their manifestation and utility", 1995. Director of Product Quality, Egain Corp., Sunnyvale, CA
- A. Denner: "Classification of cardiac disease state by electrocardiographic signal processing", 1996. Systems Analyst, Morgan Stanley, NY
- A. Sahay: "The mean velocity and Reynolds shear stress in turbulent pipe and channel flows", 1997. Lecturer, Department of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin, Madison
- B. Dhruva: "Experiments in high-Reynolds-number turbulence", 1999. Research Director and Discipline Manager, Schlumberger Cambridge Research
- R. Bhiladvala: "Development of microfabricated thermal sensors with guard heating for wall shear stress measurements in turbulent flows", 2000. Post-doctoral Fellow, Nanofabrication Center, Cornell University
- I. San Gil: "Fractal character of isoscalar surfaces in shear free turbulence and some effects of shear on the turbulence structure", 2001. Bioinformatics Specialist, Yale Medical School
- S. Kurien: "Anisotropy and the universal properties of turbulence", 2001. Staff Scientist, Theory Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM
- C.M. White: "High Reynolds number turbulence in small apparatus", 2001. Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, CA
- K.G. Aivalis: "Measurement and analysis of scalar fluctuations in turbulent flows", 2004. Self-employed as a consultant.
- J. Cleve: "Data-driven theoretical modelling of the turbulent energy cascade", 2004 (co-supervised with Dr. Martin Greiner). Research Scientists, Siemens, Germany
- A. Karpikov: "Drag reduction by dilute addition of long-chain polymers: simulations using the Lattice Boltzmann methods", 2005 (co-supervised with S.A. Orszag). Post-doctoral Fellow, School of Medicine, Yale University
- M.R. Mohyuddin: "On solutions of nonlinear equations arising in the Rivlin-Ericksen work", SANDWICH student from Pakistan, 2005
- G.P. Bewley: "Using frozen hydrogen particles to observe rotating and quantized flows in liquid helium", 2006. Post-doctoral Fellow, Max-Planck Institute for Fluid Mechanics, Göttingen, Germany
- Vicky Taffoti: "Dynamics of rings of nonlinear electromechanical systems with rigid and flexible armsÓ, 2008. SANDWICH student, Cameroon
- Gabriella Silano: "Numerical simulations of thermal convection at high Prandtl numbers", 2008. Trieste, Italy.
Current Ph.D. students, supervised in conjunction with a co-advisor
- Kaveri Joshi (thermal convection in liquid sodium, Maryland)
- Xsitaaz Chadee (SANDWICH student, Trinidad)
- Valentina Stocca (LES modeling of stratified atmospheric flows, Trieste)
- Enrico Fonda (low temperature physics, Trieste)
- Cicilia Rorai (turbulence simulations, Trieste)
Post-Doctoral —only those who stayed for significant amounts of time are listed (along with the positions to which they moved next)
- Surya Raghu (Ph.D., Yale; Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SUNY Stonybrook, NY)
- Rahul Prasad (Ph.D., Yale; Vice President, Science Research Laboratory, CA)
- Ashvin Chhabra (Ph.D., Yale; Post Doctoral Fellow, University of Chicago)
- Richard Everson (Ph.D., Leeds; Research Associate, Rockefeller University, NY)
- John Ringland (Ph.D., Austin Texas; Assistant Professor of Mathematics, SUNY Buffalo)
- Hyundoo Shin (Ph.D., Brown; Samsung Electronics Company, South Korea)
- Anil Suri (Ph.D., Harvard; unknown)
- Daniel Lathrop (Ph.D., Texas; Assistant Professor of Physics, Emery University, Atlanta)
- Lareef Zubair (Ph.D., Yale; Assistant Professor, Institute of Fundamental Research, Sri Lanka)
- Anupam Sahay (Ph.D., Yale; Lecturer, Department of Mathematics, University of Madison-Wisconsin)
- Eric van Doorn (Ph.D., Duke; Research Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Rutgers University)
- Adonios Karpetis (Ph.D., Yale; Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, CA)
- Rustom Bhiladvala (Ph.D., Yale; Nanofrabrication Center, Cornell University)
- Joerg Schumacher (Ph.D., University of Marburg; Assistant Professor, University of Ilmenau)
- A. Sameen (Ph.D., Indian Institute of Science; Assistant Professor, IIT Madras)
- Jean-Daniel Rüedi (Ph.D., Switzerland)
- Diego Donzis (Ph.D. Georgia Tech; Assistant Professor, Texas A&M)
Many visitors (both short and long term).